Monday, December 9, 2013

INTESTATE SUCCESSION UNDER MUSLIM LAW

The most diverse law in Srilanka is law of succession, thus it may be quoted as a patchwork of customary practices and values pertaining to the succession of properties in Srilanka. Law of succession in Srilanka evolves with principles of all major legal systems over the world, It concedes the principles of Roman Dutch law, English law, Shariah law and the customary laws of Srilanka Tesawalamai, Kandian law.

Every Srilankan have peculiar rights of succession in property according to his or her identity. As we all know the succession of properties have two main classifications such as testate succession and intestate succession. The testate succession of property is governed by Wills ordinance of Srilanka regardless of ethnicity or identity. Section 2 of the wills ordinance permits every person to dispose his properties as he choose thus no other means have effect on testate succession other then this provision of wills ordinance.

This article is going to analyze the Intestate succession of Muslims in Srilanka. As I have mentioned earlier Srilankan legal system has recognized the customary practices and laws in case of succession. So Muslim law is one of the major customary law is the major source of Muslim intestate succession. Muslim intestate succession ordinance no 10 of 1931 is the unique statute which regulates the Muslim intestate succession. Section 2 of the ordinance provides as follow

“It is hereby declared that the law applicable to the intestacy of any deceased Muslim who at the time of his death was domiciled in Sri Lanka or was the owner of any immovable property in Sri Lanka shall be the Muslim law governing the sect to which such deceased Muslim belonged.”

So from the above section it’s a clear fact that Muslim intestate succession is completely governed by Muslim law applicable to the sect which such deceased Muslim belonged. In this section the Muslim law denotes Sharia law which applicable to the deceased person.

Principles of Intestate succession under Muslim law/ Shariah law 

Shariah law is based on the al-Quran, al-Sunnah, the consensus of the Prophet companions and their ijtihad (the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the   al-Quran and the Sunnah). In the al-Quran, there are two verses related to inheritance which are the mujmal verse and the mufassal verse. The verses in the first category explain the beneficiaries‟ rights in general without discussing their portions in detail. While the verses in the second category, which is the al-mawarith verse, Allah s.w.t. explained in detail regarding the beneficiaries and the portions or shares for each of the beneficiary.

Among the verses that are mujmal in nature, Allah s.w.t commanded meaning:
·         “For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share”[1]
·         “But those of [blood] relationship are more entitled [to inheritance] in the decree of Allah. Indeed, Allah is Knowing of all things”[2]

From the above two verses from al-Quran it is insisted that  every person has the right on succession of the property of their parent or close relatives regardless of gender or any other basis moreover the second verse is a guide line in determining the route of heirs. It gives the Impression that the heirs should be determined according to the blood relationship.

The principle of inheritance distribution in Islam is that the portion for a male beneficiary is equivalent to two parts of the female beneficiary. The distribution of inheritance in such a case must be made based on the method that a male beneficiary’s portion is equivalent to two parts of the female beneficiary’s portion[3]. As per these principles the heirs under the Muslim law of inheritance can be admitted into two levels 



LEVEL I - PRIMARY (Immediate) HEIRS
1. The SPOUSE (Husband or a maximum of four Wives)
2. The CHILDREN (Sons and Daughters)
3. The PARENTS (Father & Mother)
4. The GRANDCHILDREN (Sons’s SON or Son’s DAUGHTER only)
(Applicable only when the SON is already deceased only and has offspring)

LEVEL II - SECONDARY HEIRS
1. The GRANDPARENTS (Paternal and Maternal)
2. The BROTHERS and/or SISTERS (In the absence of Father and Son ONLY)
3. The UNCLES and/or AUNTS (In the absence of Grandparents ONLY)
4. The NEPHEWS and/or NIECES (In the absence of Brothers and Sisters ONLY)

Under Islamic Law, the primary beneficiaries of a deceased person are his/her IMMEDIATE (Level I) Heirs. Spouse(s), Children, Parents and Grandchildren (if children are deceased only). The Grandchildren who are entitled is only the Son’s Son or the Son’s Daughter. Daughter’s children are not entitled even if the Daughter is deceased. In the absence of some or all of these heirs the secondary beneficiaries (Level II) become Heirs under various conditions. In the absence of a particular Heir (ex:Uncle) if and when he/she is entitled the children of that Heir become eligible.

Standard shares allocated to primary and secondary heirs under Shariah law (for SHAFI SECT)
1.      Husband
Gets 1/2 if his wife (the deceased) does not have any children (male or female) or grandchildren or younger, or 1/4 if the deceased has a child (male or female) or grandchildren or younger.

2.      Wife
Gets 1/4 if the deceased (the husband) does not have any children (male or female) or grandchildren or younger, or 1/8 if the deceased has a child (male or female) or grandchildren or younger.

3.      Father
Gets 1/6 if the deceased has a son, or a son from a son or younger, or 1/6 and asabah[4] if the deceased has a daughter, or asabah if the deceased does not have any children (male or female), daughter to a son or younger.

4.      Grandfather (father to a father)
The position of a grandfather is similar to the father, but the grandfather will not inherit anything as long as there is a father because a grandfather is shielded by the father. The grandfather will get 1/6 or 1/6 and asabah or asabah which is the similar to the father.

5.      Mother
Gets 1/6 if the deceased has a son, or a daughter to a son or younger, or has a few siblings (male or female); or 1/3 of the total inheritance value if the deceased has no such beneficiaries as mentioned above; or 1/3 balance if the deceased left behind either a husband or a wife and a father without other beneficiaries

6.      Grandmother
A grandmother will not receive any portion of the inheritance as long as there is the mother. The grandmother only receives 1/6 be it one person or more.

7.      Daughter
Gets 1/2 if there is only one daughter, 2/3 if there are two or more daughters or gets asabah bi al-ghayr[5] while being together with the son. A son gets two parts of a daughter’s portion.

8.      Daughter to son
Gets 1/2 if one; 2/3 if there are two or more, 1/6 if the daughter is with a female child; gets asabah bi al-ghayr when being with a son to a son or shielded by a son or by two daughters, except when there is a son to a son who also receives asabah bi al-ghayr.

9.      Female sibling of the same parents
Gets 1/2 if there is only one; 2/3 if there are two or more; asabah bi al-ghayr while being with a male sibling of the same parents; asabah ma’a al-ghayr[6] while being with a daughter or a daughter to a son or with both; or is shielded by the son or a male grandson or younger.

10.  Female sibling of the same father
Gets 1/2 if one; 2/3 if two or more; 1/6 if with a female sibling from the same parents; asabah bi al-ghayr if with a male sibling of the same father; asabah ma’a al-ghayr while with a daughter or a daughter to a son, or with both; or shielded by a son, a grandson, a father, a male sibling of the same parents, two female siblings of the same parents (except when there is a male sibling of the same father) and by a female sibling of the same parents when she is receiving asabah ma’a al-ghayr.
11.  Female sibling of the same mother
Gets 1/6 if alone, or 1/3 if two or more; or shielded by male or female descendants, father or grandfather.

12.  Male sibling of the same mother
Gets 1/6 if alone or 1/3 if two or more; or shielded by either male or female descendants, father or grandfather.


Please note that Son is not part of this classification However, He always gets a share in inheritance (expect any legal impediment blocks him). He gets his share as a Residuary as he is not mentioned in Quran with any fixed share. Quran did not explicitly spell out the share of the son. Hence, he is primary heir without a fixed share

“Allah commands you as regards your childrens (inheritance); to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if (there are) only daughters, two or more, their share is two thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half.[7]

Hence, Son minimum share is twice as much as daughters‟. And he also gets remainder of residue after distributing shares. Only the legitimate son is considered as primary heir Adopted child, foster child etc are all excluded from Mirath (inheritance) in Shariah Adultery and fornication (Zina) is forbidden in Islam, hence, no inheritance is given to illegitimate child. Son always gets his share as a Residuary. After all the primary heirs with fixed share have been given their allotted share, then the residue is given to the son. If there is a daughter, then son and daughter both shares as Residuary General rule that Male gets twice as female applies. If there is daughter, son gets twice as much share as daughter.


Conclusion
Rainbow legal system of Srilanka is the fertile platform of identical laws where the customary practices flourished. Muslim law also such a salient customary practice which derived from the very great jurisprudence Shariah law . Muslim law in Srilanka adopts the nature and practices of Srilankan Muslims but in some cases such as testate succession and etc. the Muslim law directs to rely on the very main source Shariah law. As per the Muslim intestate succession ordinance the intestate succession of Muslim domicile is govern by the relevant Shariah law though he/she is a citizen of Srilanka or foreigner

The Islamic Inheritance Law is a commandment of Allah s.w.t. through the qat’i verses 11, 12 and 176 of al-Nisa. These verses describe the rightful beneficiaries of the inheritance and the portions which they deserve such as 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/3, 2/3, or 1/6. The Islamic Inheritance Law has brought some reformations which did not exist in previous laws. Such law has been commanded by of Allah s.w.t. solely to provide justice to all mankind. Thus, the incorporation of the Islamic Inheritance Law has its own philosophy and insight which may not be internalized and embraced by some people today. Muslims believes this law has a clear policy and is comprehensive in nature because it is a commandment from Allah s.w.t. who knows all things.
The basic principles in Shariah law regarding  intestate succession are as follows

·         The establishment of portions for each beneficiary which means that all fardu and asabah beneficiaries will receive their shares. Shares for the ashab al-furud beneficiaries have been determined by Allah s.w.t. which can be either 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3, or 1/6 as described in the al-Quran

·         Members of the comprehensive (syumul) beneficiaries, the beneficiaries who are entitled to receive a portion of the inheritance include all the beneficiaries or relatives, whether big or small, old or young, rich or poor, even the fetus in the womb of its mother is given the right to inheritance. Similarly, a husband or a wife is entitled to receive the wealth even though they are not relatives, but they share the sacred relationship of a marriage, the sacrifice, mutual cooperation and loyalty between them.

·         Rights of women and children in inheritance and their portions, which means that women’s and children’s rights are guaranteed in the Islamic inheritance. The portions to be rightfully received by women are either  2/3, 1/3, 1/6, 1/2, 1/4 or 1/8. Children receive the same portions of inheritance, whether they are big or small

·         Preference to relatives who are closer to the benefactor if there is no specific barrier which may prevent them from receiving the inheritance.



[1] al-Quran, al-Nisa 4:7
[2] al-Quran, al-Anfal 8:75
[3] al-Quran, surah al-Nisa‟ 4: 11
[4] asabah beneficiary is a beneficiary whose portion of the inheritance is not clearly defined by either the al-Quran or the Sunnah. Sometimes they receive all of the inheritance; sometimes just the balance
[5] asabah bi al-ghayr beneficiaries comprise four female beneficiaries from the ashab al-furud beneficiaries namely the daughter, the daughter to the son, the female sibling of the same parents and the female sibling of the same father.
[6]asabah ma’a al-ghayr beneficiaries consist of only two types of people namely female siblings from the same parents and female siblings of the same father when receiving the inheritance together with a daughter or a daughter to a son or with both
[7] Al-quran 4:11

Friday, May 10, 2013

Prevention of terrorism act in Srilanka... (Whip against democracy)


Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic Of Sri Lanka

Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act No. 48 of 1979

[Certified on 20 July 1979]

AN ACT TO MAKE TEMPORARY PROVISION FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACTS OF TERRORISM IN SRI LANKA, THE PREVENTION OF UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES OF ANY INDIVIDUAL, GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, ASSOCIATION, ORGANISATION OR BODY OF PERSONS WITHIN SRI LANKA OR OUTSIDE SRI LANKA AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.
WHEREAS the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka continues to affirm that men and institutions remain free only when freedom is founded upon respect for the Rule of Law and that grievances should be redressed by constitutional methods:
AND WHEREAS public order in Sri Lanka continues to be endangered by elements or groups of persons or associations that advocate the use of force or the commission of crime as a means of, or as an aid in, accomplishing governmental change within Sri Lanka, and who have resorted to acts of murder and threats of murder of members of Parliament and of local authorities, police officers, and witnesses to such acts and other law abiding and innocent citizens, as well as the commission of other acts of terrorism such as armed robbery, damage to State property and other acts involving actual or threatened coercion, intimidation and violence:
AND WHEREAS other democratic counties have enacted special legislation to deal with acts of terrorism:
BE it enacted by the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka as follows:-
1. This Act may be cited as the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act, No 48 of 1979, and shall come into operation in respect of all or any of its provisions on such date or dates as the Minister may appoint by Order published in the Gazette.

PART I - OFFENCES

2. (1) Any person who -
(a) causes the death of any specified person, or kidnaps or abducts a specified person, or commits any other attack upon any such person, which act would, under the provisions of the Penal Code, be punishable with death or a term of imprisonment of not less than seven years; or
(b) causes the death of any person who is a witness to any offence under this Act, or kidnaps or abducts or commits any other attack upon any such person, which act would, under the provisions of the Penal Code, be punishable with death or a term of imprisonment of not less than seven years;or

(c) commits criminal intimidation of any special person or a witness referred to in paragraph (b); or

(d) commits the offence of robbery of the property of the Government, any department, statutory board, public corporation, bank, co-operative union or co-operative society; or

(e) commits the offence of mischief to the property of the Government, any department, statutory board, public corporation, bank, cooperative union or co-operative society or to any other public property; or

(f) without lawful authority imports, manufactures or collects any firearms, offensive weapons, ammunition or explosives or any article or thing used, or intended to be used, in the manufacture of explosives; or

(g) possesses without lawful authority, within any security area, any firearms or any offensive weapon, ammunition or explosives or any article or thing used, or intended to be used, in the manufacture of explosives; or

(h) by words either spoken or intended to be read or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise causes or intends to cause commission of acts of violence or religious, racial or communal disharmony or feelings of ill-will or hostility between different communities or racial or religious groups; or

(i) without lawful authority erases, mutilates, defaces or otherwise interferes with any words, inscriptions, or lettering appearing on any board or other fixture on, upon or adjacent to, any highway, street, road or any other public place; or

(j) harbours, conceals or in any other manner prevents, hinders or interferes with the apprehension of, a proclaimed person or any other person, knowing or having reason to believe that such person has committed an offence under this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under this Act.
(2) Any person guilty of an offence specified in -
(i) paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1) shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment for life, and
(ii) paragraphs (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i) or (j) of subsection (1) shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment of either description for a period not less than five years but not exceeding twenty years.
(3) In this section -
(i) "proclaimed person" means any person proclaimed by the Inspector-General of Police by Proclamation published in the Gazette to be a person wanted in connection with the commission of any offence under this Act; and
(ii) "security area" means any area declared by the Minister by Order published in the Gazette to be a security area if he is satisfied that by reason of any unlawful activity there is in such area a reasonable apprehension of organised violence.
3. Any person who -
(a) does any act preparatory to the commission of an offence; or
(b) abets, conspires, attempts, exhorts or incites the commission of an offence; or
(c) causes the death of any person, or commits any attack upon any person whomsoever in the course of committing any offence under this Act, which act would, under the provisions of the Penal Code, be punishable with death or with a term of imprisonment of not less than seven years,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment of either description for a period of not less than five years but not exceeding twenty years where the offence is one specified in paragraph (a) or (b), or to imprisonment for life where the offence is one specified in paragraph (c).
4. Where any person is convicted by any court of any offence under section 2 or section 3, then, in addition to any other penalty that the court shall impose for such offence -
(a) all property movable and immovable, of that person shall, by virtue of such conviction, be deemed to be forfeited to the Republic; and
(b) any alienation or other disposal of such property effected by such person after the date of coming into operation of this Part shall be deemed to have been, and to be, null and void.
5. Any person who -
(a) knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that any person -
(i) has committed an offence under this Act, or
(ii) is making preparation or is attempting to commit an offence under this Act, fails to report the same to a police officer; or
(b) having in his possession any information relating to the movements or whereabouts of any person who has committed or is making preparations or is attempting to commit an offence under this Act fails to report the same to a police officer, shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction be liable to imprisonment of either description for period not exceeding seven years.

PART II - INVESTIGATION OF OFFENCES

6.(1) Any police officer not below the rank of Superintendent or any other police officer not below the rank of Sub-Inspector authorised in writing by him in that behalf may, without a warrant and with or without assistance and notwithstanding anything in any other law to the contrary -
(a) arrest any person;
(b) enter and search any premises;
(c) stop and search any individual or any vehicle, vessel, train or aircraft; and
(d) seize any document or thing, connected with or concerned in or reasonably suspected of being connected with or concerned in any unlawful activity.
(2) Any person who obstructs or hinders any police officer lawfully exercising any power conferred on him by or under subsection (1), shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment of either description or a period not exceeding seven years.
7.(1) Any person arrested under subsection(1) of section 6 may be kept in custody for a period not exceeding seventy-two hours and shall, unless a detention order under section 9 has been made in respect of such person, be produced before a Magistrate before the expiry of such period and the Magistrate shall, on an application made in writing in that behalf by a police officer not below the rank of Superintendent, make order that such person be remanded until the conclusion of the trial of such person: Provided that, where the Attorney-General consents to the release of such person before custody before the conclusion of the trial, the Magistrate shall release such person from custody.
(2) Where any person connected with or concerned in or reasonably suspected to be connected with or concerned in the commission of any offence under this Act appears or is produced before any court other than in the manner referred to in subsection (1), such court shall order the remand of such person until the conclusion of the trial: Provided that, if an application is made under the hand of a police officer not below the rank of Superintendent to keep such person in police custody for a period not exceeding seventy-two hours, the Magistrate shall authorise such custody and thereupon the order of remand made by the Magistrate shall remain suspended for the period during which such person is in police custody.
(3) A police officer conducting an investigation under this Act in respect of any person arrested under subsection (1) of section 6 or remanded under subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section -
(a) shall have the right of access to such person and the right to take such person during reasonable hours to any place for the purpose of interrogation and from place to place for the purposes of investigation; and
(b) may obtain a specimen of the handwriting of such person and do all such acts as may reasonably be necessary for fingerprinting or otherwise identifying such person.
8. Any police officer may at any stage of an investigation or trial produce before any Magistrate any person conversant with any fact relating to the commission of any offence under this Act, and the Magistrate shall thereupon record the statement of such person upon oath.

PART III - DETENTION AND RESTRICTION ORDERS

9.(1) Where the Minister has reason to believe or suspect that any person is connected with or concerned in any unlawful activity, the Minister may order that such person be detained for a period not exceeding three months in the first instance, in such place and subject to such conditions as may be determined by the Minister, and any such order may be extended from time to time for a period not exceeding three months at a time: Provided, however, that the aggregate period of such detention shall not exceed a period of eighteen months.
(a) At any time after an order has been made in respect of any person under subsection (1), the Minister may direct that the operation of such order be suspended and may make an order under subsection (1) of section 11.
(b) The Minister may revoke any such direction if he is satisfied that the person in respect of whom the direction was made has failed to observe any condition imposed or that the operation of the order can no longer remain suspended without detriment to public safety.
10. An order made under section 9 shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court or tribunal by way of writ or otherwise
11.(1) Where the Minister has reason to believe or suspect that any person is connected with or concerned in the commission of any unlawful activity referred to in subsection (1) of section 9, he may make an order in writing imposing on such person such prohibitions or restrictions as may be specified in such order in respect of -
(a) his movement outside such place of residence as may be specified; or
(b) the places of residence and of employment of such person; or
(c) his travel within or outside Sri Lanka; or
(d) his activities whether in relation to any organisation, association or body of persons of which such person is a member, or otherwise; or
(e) such person addressing public meetings or from holding office in, or taking part in the activities of or acting as adviser to, any organisation, association or body of persons, or from taking part in any political activities, and he may require such person to notify his movements to such authority, in such manner and at such times as may be specified in the order.
(2) Where the Minister makes a restriction order in respect of any person while an order of detention in respect of such person is in force, such restriction order shall, unless otherwise specified, take effect upon the expiry of the detention order.
(3) Every order made under subsection (1) shall be in force for such period, not exceeding three months, as may be specified therein: Provided, that the Minister may, by order in writing, extend such period from time to time for periods not exceeding three months at a time so however that the aggregate of such periods does not exceed eighteen months.
(4) Where an order is made under subsection (1), the Minister may by notice in writing served on the person to whom such order relates, vary, cancel or add to any prohibitions or restrictions imposed by such order on such person and the prohibitions or restrictions so varied or added to shall, unless earlier cancelled, continue in force for the unexpired portion of the period specified in such order or the period as extended under subsection (3).
(5) An order made by the Minister under subsection (1) shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court or tribunal by way of writ or otherwise.
12. Any person who contravenes or acts in breach of any prohibition or restriction imposed on him by an order under section 11 shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a term of imprisonment of either description for a period of five years.

PART IV - ADVISORY BOARD

13.(1) There shall, for the purposes of this Act, be established an Advisory Board consisting of not less than three persons appointed by the President.
(2) Any person in respect of whom any detention order or restriction order has been made shall be informed of the unlawful activity in connection with which such order has been made and such person or any other person on his behalf may make representations to the Advisory Board.
(3) Every meeting of the Advisory Board held to consider such representations shall be presided over by a Chairman nominated from among the members by the Minister and it shall be the duty of the Chairman to advise the Minister in respect of such representations.
(4) The Minister may make rules in relation to the hearing and disposal of any representations that may be made by any person in respect of any such order.

PART V - PROHIBITION OF PUBLICATIONS

14.(1) Notwithstanding any Order made under section 1, the provisions of subsection (2) shall come into operation only upon an Order made in that behalf by the Minister from time to time and published in the Gazette for such period as may be specified in the Order.
(2)
(a) No person shall, without the approval in writing of a competent authority, print or publish in any newspaper any matter relating to -
(i) the commission of any act which constitute an offence under this Act or the investigation of any such offence; or
(ii) incitement to violence, or which is likely to cause religious, racial or communal disharmony or feeling of ill-will or hostility between different communities or racial or religious groups.
(b) No person shall, without the approval in writing of a competent authority, distribute or be concerned in the distribution of any newspaper printed or published in Sri Lanka or outside Sri Lanka in respect of any matter the printing and publication of which is prohibited under paragraph (a).
(3) Any person who commits any act in contravention of any of the provisions of subsection (2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment of either description for a period not exceeding five years.
(4)
(a) Where any person is convicted of an offence under this section, the court may, in addition to the punishment it may impose for that offence under subsection (3), order that no person shall print, publish or distribute or in any way be concerned in the printing, publication or distribution of any such newspaper for such period as is specified in such order and that the printing press in which such newspaper was printed shall, for such period as shall be specified in such order, not be used for any purpose whatsoever or for any such purpose as is specified in the order.
(b) Where any proceedings have been instituted against any person for the commission of any offence under this section, it shall be competent for the court to make an interim order that the printing press in which it is alleged that such newspaper or publication was printed shall not be used for any purpose whatsoever or for any such purpose as is specified in the order, until the conclusion of the trial.
15. (1) Every person who commits an offence under this Act shall be triable without a preliminary inquiry, on an indictment before a Judge of the High Court sitting alone without a jury or before a High Court at Bar by three Judges without a jury, as may be decided by the Chief Justice. The provisions of sections 450 and 451 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Act, No. 15 of 1979, shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the trial of offences under this Act by the High Court at Bar and to appeals from judgements, sentences and orders pronounced at any such trial held by the High Court at Bar. [The above sub-section was introduced by Amending Act 22 of 1988]
(2) Upon the indictment being received in the High Court against any person in respect of any offence under this Act or any offence to which the provisions of section 23 shall apply, the court shall, in every case, order the remand of such person until the conclusion of the trial.
15A.(1) Where any person is on remand under the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 15, or section 19(a), notwithstanding any other provision of this Act or any other law, the Secretary to the Ministry of the Minister in charge of the subject of Defence may, if he is of the opinion that it is necessary or expedient so to do, in the interests of national security or public order, make Order, subject to such directions as may be given by the High Court to ensure a fair trial of such person, that such person be kept in the custody of any authority, in such place and subject to such conditions as may be determined by him having regard to such interests.
(2) Any Order made by the Minister under sub-section (1) shall be communicated to the High Court and to the Commissioner of Prisons and it shall be the duty of such Commissioner, to deliver the custody of such person to the authority specified in such order and the provisions of the Prisons Ordinance shall cease to apply in relation to the custody of such person. [Note: Section 15A was inserted by Amending Act 10 of 1982 w.e.f. 24 July 1979]

PART VI - TRIAL

16.(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, where any person is charged with any offence under this Act, any statement made by such person at any time, whether -
(a) it amounts to a confession or not;
(b) made orally or reduced to writing;
(c) such person was or was not in custody or presence of a police officer;
(d) made in the course of an investigation or not;
(e) it was or was not wholly or partly in answer to any question, gainst such person if such statement is not irrelevant under section 24 of the Evidence Ordinance: Provided, however, that no such statement shall be proved as against such person if such statement was made to a police officer below the rank of an Assistant Superintendent.
(2) The burden of proving that any statement referred to in subsection (1) is irrelevant under section 24 of the Evidence Ordinance shall be on the person asserting it to be irrelevant.
(3) Any statement admissible under subsection (1) may be proved as against any other person charged jointly with the person making the statement, if, and only if, such statement is corroborated in material particulars by evidence other than the statements referred to in subsection (1).
17. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law, the provisions of sections 25, 26 and 30 of the Evidence Ordinance shall have no application in any proceedings under this Act.
18.(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law -
(a) a statement recorded by a Magistrate, or made at an identification parade by a person who is dead or who cannot be found, shall be admissible in evidence notwithstanding that such person is not present or cannot or has not been cross-examined; and
(b) any document found in the custody, control or possession of a person accused of any offence under this Act or of an agent or representative of such person may be produced in court as evidence against such person without the maker of such document being called as a witness and the contents of such document shall be evidence of the facts stated therein.
(2) If in the course of a trial for an offence under this Act, any witness shall, on any material point, contradict either expressly or by necessary implication a statement made by him and recorded by a Magistrate or a statement made by him at any identification parade, it shall be lawful for the presiding Judge-
(a) to act upon such statement; and
(b) to have such witness at the conclusion of such trial arraigned and tried on an indictment which shall be prepared and signed by the Registrar of such court, for intentionally giving false evidence in a stage of a judicial proceeding.
(3) At any trial referred to in subsection (2)(b), it shall be sufficient to prove that the witness made the contradictory statement and it shall not be necessary to prove which of the statements is false.
19. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other written law -
(a) every person convicted by any court of any offence under this Act shall, notwithstanding that he has lodged a petition of appeal against his conviction or the sentence imposed on him, be kept on remand until the determination of the appeal;
(b) any order made under the provisions of subsection (4) of section 14 shall, notwithstanding any appeal made against such order, continue in force until the determination of such appeal: Provided, however, that the Court of Appeal may in exceptional circumstances release on bail any such person referred to in paragraph (a) subject to such conditions as the Court of Appeal may deem fit, or vary or suspend any order referred to in paragraph (b).
20. Notwithstanding anything in the Code of Criminal Procedure Act, No 15 of 1979 -
(a) the provisions of section 303 of that Act shall not apply in the case of any person who is convicted;
(b) the provisions of section 306 of that Act shall not apply in the case of any person who pleads or is found guilty, by or before any court of any offence under this Act.
21. Every court shall give priority to the trial of any person charged with, or indicted for, any offence under this Act and to the hearing of any appeal from the conviction of any such offence and sentence imposed on such conviction.

PART VII - SPECIAL PROVISIONS

22. Any person who has committed any offence under section 296 or section 297 or section 300 of the Penal Code prior to the date of coming into operation of Part VI of this Act or has abetted or has conspired to abet the commission of any such offence prior to such date, in relation to any person who is a specified person or a person who was a witness to any offence which if such offence had been committed after the date of coming into operation of Part I of this Act would have constituted an offence under this Act shall, notwithstanding the provisions of any other law to the contrary, be triable without a preliminary inquiry, on an indictment before a Judge of the High Court sitting alone without a jury.
23. The provision of sections 8, 16, 17 and 18 of this Act shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to and in relation to any act, or the trial for the commission of an offence in respect of any act, committed before the date of coming into operation of Parts I, II and VI of this Act, which act would, if committed after such date, have constituted an offence under this Act: Provided, however, that no statement referred to in any such section shall be admissible unless such statement was made after the coming into operation of the aforesaid Parts of this Act.
24. Any person who commits an act in or in relation to any vessel or aircraft registered in Sri Lanka shall, if such act constitutes an offence under this Act, be guilty of an offence under this Act.

PART VIII - MISCELLANEOUS

25. Where an offence under this Act is committed by a body of persons, then if that body of persons is -
(a) a body corporate, every director and officer of that body corporate; or
(b) a firm, every partner of that firm; or
(c) a body unincorporate other than a firm, every officer of that body responsible for its management and control, shall be deemed to be guilty of such offence: Provided that no such person shall be deemed to be guilty of such offence if he proves that such offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
26. No suit, prosecution or other proceeding, civil or criminal, shall lie against any officer or person for any act or thing in good faith done or purported to be done in pursuance or supposed pursuance of any order made or direction given under this Act.
27.(1) The Minister may make regulations under this Act for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the principles and provisions of this Act.
(2) Every regulation made by the Minister shall be published in the Gazette and shall come into operation on the date of such publication or on such later date as may be specified in the regulation.
(3) Every regulation made by the Minister shall as soon as convenient after its publication in the Gazette be brought before Parliament for its approval. Any regulation which is not so approved shall be deemed to be rescinded as from the date of disapproval but without prejudice to anything previously done thereunder. Notification of the date on which a regulation is deemed to be rescinded shall be published in the Gazette
28. The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in any other written law and accordingly in the event of any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of this Act and such other written law, the provisions of this Act shall prevail.
[Section 29 was repealed by Amending Act 10 of 1982, w.e.f. 24 July 1979]
30. The Proscribing of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Other Similar Organisations Law, No 16 of 1978, is hereby repealed.

PART IX - INTERPRETATION

31.(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires -
"competent authority" means any person appointed by the Minister by name or by office to be a competent authority for the purposes of this Act;
"co-operative union or co-operative society" includes any society registered or deemed to be registered under the Co-operative Societies Law, No 5 of 1972;
"document" has the same meaning as in the Penal Code;
"explosives" has the same meaning as in the Explosives Act;
"firearms" has the same meaning as in the Firearms Ordinance;
"local authority" means any Municipal Council, Urban Council, Town Council or Village Council and includes any Authority created and established by or under any law to exercise, perform and discharge powers, duties and functions corresponding to or similar to the powers, duties and functions exercised, performed and discharged by any such Council;
"newspaper" includes any journal, magazine, pamphlet or other publication; "offensive weapon" has the same meaning as in the Offensive Weapons Act, No 18 of 1966;
"organisation" includes any movement, society, party, association or body or group of persons;
"printing press" includes any machinery, apparatus or plant capable of being used for printing, lithography, photography or other mode of representing or reproducing words in a visible form, or any type or other article belonging to such machinery, apparatus or plant;
"public corporation" means any corporation, board or other body which was or is established by or under any written law other than the Companies Ordinance, with funds or capital wholly or partly provided by the Government by way of grant, loan or otherwise;
"specified person" means -
(a) the President;
(b) a Judge of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, District Court, Magistrate's Court, Primary Court or any other Court of First Instance;
(c) any representative or official of a foreign State or any official or other agent of an international organisation of an inter-governmental character;
(d) a member of Parliament or of a local authority;
(e) any member of a commission established under the Special Presidential Commissions of Inquiry Law, No 7 of 1978, or under the Commissions of Inquiry Act;
(f) juror, counsel or officer of court; and
(g) any member of the Armed Forces, Police Force and any other Forces charged with the maintenance of public order.
"unlawful activity" means any action taken or act committed by any means whatsoever, whether within or outside Sri Lanka, and whether such action was taken or act was committed before or after the date of coming into operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act in the commission or in connection with the commission of any offence under this Act or any act committed prior to the date of passing of this Act, which act would, if committed after such date, constitute an offence under this Act.
[This definition was inserted by Amending Act 10 of 1982, w.e.f. 24 July 1979]
(2) All words and expressions used herein and defined in the Penal Code and not hereinbefore defined shall be deemed to have the meanings respectively attributed to them by that Code.

Monday, February 4, 2013

роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▓் роЖроЯ்роЪிропுроо் роЕродிроХாро░рооுроо். (1978роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родை рооுрой்ройிро▒ுрод்родி роЪிро▓ роХுро▒ிрок்рокுроХ்роХро│்)




родேроЪроЩ்роХро│் родோро▒்ро▒роо் рокெро▒்ро▒ роХாро▓роо் родொроЯ்роЯே ро╡ிродிрооுро▒ைроХро│ிрой் родொроХுрок்рокே роЖроЯ்роЪிропுроо் роЕродிроХாро░рооுрооாроп் роЗро░ுрои்родு ро╡рои்родுро│்ро│родு, роЗро╡்ро╡ிродிрооுро▒ைроХро│ிрой் роХோроЯ்рокாроЯ்роЯு ро░ீродிропாрой родொроХுрок்рокைропே роЪроЯ்роЯроо் роОройроХ்роХாрог்роХிрой்ро▒ோроо். роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрооுро▓ாроХ்роХроо் роОрой்рокро╡ро▒்ро▒ை рокேрогுро╡родро▒்роХாрой роЕрооைрок்рокு рооுро▒ைропே роЖроЯ்роЪி рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕродிроХாро░роо் роХொрог்роЯ роЕро░роЪு. роЕро░ிро╕்роЯோроЯ்роЯிро▓் родொроЯроХ்роХроо் роЯроп்роЪி ро╡ро░ைроХ்роХுроо் роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роЖроЯ்роЪி рокро▒்ро▒ி рокро▓்ро╡ேро▒ு роХро░ுрод்родாроХ்роХроЩ்роХро│் роЙро░ுрок்рокெро▒்ро▒ுро│்ро│рой роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ாрой роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪி роХро░ுрод்родாроХ்роХроЩ்роХро│ை роироЯைрооுро▒ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родро╡ுроо், роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிройாро▓் роороХ்роХро│் роЖро│рок்рокроЯுродройை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родро╡ுроо் роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родpройாро▓் роороХ்роХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЖро│рок்рокроЯро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை ро╡ро░ைропро▒ுроХ்роХро╡ுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯ рооுро▒ைропே роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокாроХுроо். роЗродை роЗрой்ройுрооொро░ு ро╡ாро░்род்родைропிро▓் роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокோройாро▓் роЪроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родро▒்роХுроо் роЕрооுро▓ாроХ்роХுро╡родро▒்роХுрооாрой родாроп்роЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯроо் роОройроХ்роХூро▒ро▓ாроо். 

роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪி рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрой்ро▒ி роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪிропை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро▓ுро╡ேро▒ாроХ்роХ роХோроЯ்рокாроЯுроХро│ைропுроо் роороХ்роХро│родு роЗро▒ைрооைропைропுроо் роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡ро▒்роХாрой роУро░் роПро▒்рокாроЯே роЕро░роЪிропро▓ைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯроо் роОройро▓ாроо் роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் рооுрой் роЪроород்родுро╡род்родை рокேрогுро╡родро▒்роХுро░ிроп роПро▒்рокாроЯாрой роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯроо் ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роЖроЯ்роЪிроХ்роХாрой роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் роХுро╡ிрои்род рокொродிропாроХ роиோроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡родே родро▒்роХாро▓ роиிро▓ைропாроХுроо். роЖроЯ்роЪிроЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாроп் роЕродிроХாро░роо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ுроо், роЕродிроХாро░роо் роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாроХро╡ே роЖроЯ்роЪிропை ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ுроо் роХாро▓роо் роХாро▓рооாроп் роЙро▓роХро╡ро░ро▓ாро▒்ро▒ிро▓் роЗроЯроо்рокிроЯிрод்родுроХ்роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЗродே роиோроХ்роХிро▓் роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокு роОрои்род ро╡роХைропைроЪ்роЪேро░்рои்родродு роОрой்рокродை роЖро░ாроп்ро╡родே роЗроХ்роХроЯ்роЯுро░ைропிрой் роиோроХ்роХрооாроХுроо்.

1978роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிрой் рокிрой் рокுро▓род்родை роиோроХ்роХுрооிроЯрод்родு роЗрои்род ропாрок்рокு роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் рокோродு роЖроЯ்роЪிропிро▓ிро░ுрои்род роЬроХ்роХிроп родேроЪிроп роХроЯ்роЪி, родேроЪிроп роЕро░роЪுрок்рокேро░ро╡ைропிрой் 5/6 рокெро░ுроо்рокாрог்рооைропை роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родродு роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роУро░் рокро▓роо் рокெро░ுрои்родிроп роЕро░роЪு роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் рооுродро▓ாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிро▓ிро░ுрои்род родро╡ро▒ுроХро│் роХாро░рогрооாроХ родройродு рокிро░родாрой роЕро░роЪிропро▓் роОродிро░ாро│ிропாрой роЪிро▒ிро▓роЩ்роХா роЪுродрои்родிро░роХ்роХроЯ்роЪி роЕроЯைрои்род родோро▓்ро╡ிроХро│ை роХро░ுрод்родிро▒்роХொрог்роЯு родройроХ்роХு роЕро╡்ро╡ாро▒ாройродொро░ு роиிро▓ை роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯு ро╡ிроЯроХ்роХூроЯாродு роОрой்ро▒ роХро░ிроЪройைропுроЯрой் родройродு роЖроЯ்роЪிропை рооேро▓ுроо் рокро▓рок்рокроЯுрод்родிроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родро▒்роХாроХ роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХிроп роУро░் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯрооே роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокாроХுроо். 

роЗро╡் ропாрок்рокு роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рокிрог்рогройிропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு роиாроо் ро╡ிро│роХ்роХிроХ்роХொро│்ро│роХ்роХூроЯிроп роЙрой்рооை ропாродெройிро▓் роУро░் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокை роОрои்род родроЯைропроХро│ுрооிрой்ро▒ி роЪுропрооாрой рокெро░ுроо்рокாрог்рооைропுроЯрой் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХроХூроЯிроп роУро░் роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிро▓் роУро░் рокро▓рооாрой роЕро░роЪை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родро▒்роХாроп் роЕродிроХாро░роЪ்роЪெро▒ிро╡ுроЯрой் роЖроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роУро░் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокாроХுроо்.

роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропை роЪро▒்ро▒ு роХூро░்рои்родு роХро╡ройிрок்рокோропрооாройாро▓் роЕродிро▓் родெро│ிро╡ாроХ роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│ ро╡ிроЯропроо் ропாродெройிро▓் роЗро▓роЩ்роХை роороХ்роХро│் роЪுродрои்родிро░рооாроХ ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХிроп роЖрогைропிройாро▓் родேро░்рои்родெроЯுроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рокாро░ாро│ுроорой்ро▒ рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│ிроЯроо் рокுродிропродொро░ு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிройை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родро▒்роХாрой родрод்родுро╡роо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிрой்ро▒родு, роЕрод்родроХைроп роЖрогைропை рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родி роороХ்роХро│் рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│ாрой роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЗро▓роЩ்роХை роЬройроиாропроХ роЪோро╖ро▓ிроЪ роХுроЯிропро░роЪிрой் роЕродிропுропро░்рои்род роЪроЯ்роЯрооாроХ роЗрои்род ропாрок்рокை ро╡ро░ைроХிро▒ோроо். роЗро╡்ро╡ிро░ு ро╡ாроХ்роХிропроЩ்роХро│ைропுроо் роиோроХ்роХுроо் рокோродு роороХ்роХро│ிроЯрооிро░ுрои்род роЕродிроХாро░роо் роЪுродрои்родிро░рооாрой рооுро▒ைропிро▓் рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│ிроЯроо் роХைропро│ிроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯு роЕрок்рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│் роЕро╡்ро╡родிроХாро░род்родை рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХுроо் рооுроХрооாроХ ро╡ро░ைропрок்рокроЯ்роЯ ропாрок்рокே роЗро░рог்роЯро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокு роЖроХுроо். роЖроХро╡ே роЕродிроХாро░роо் роЕродрой் рокிро░ропோроХроо்  роЕроХிропройро╡ே роЗроо்рооுрой்ройுро░ைропிро▓் рооுродрой்рооைрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│рой.

роЗродேро╡ேро│ை роЙро▓роХிрой் роЪிро▒рои்род роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ாроХ роХро░ுродрок்рокроЯுроо் родெрой் роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропை роОроЯுрод்родு роиோроХ்роХுро╡ோрооாройாро▓் 1996роо் роЖрог்роЯிро▓் ро╡ро░ைропрок்рокроЯ்роЯ родெрой்роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропிро▓் “ родெрой்роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ роороХ்роХро│ாроХிроп роиாроЩ்роХро│் роХроЯрои்родு рокோрой роЕроиீродிроХро│ை роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрог்роЯு, роиீродிроХ்роХாроХро╡ுроо் роЪுродрои்родிро░род்родிро▒்роХாроХро╡ுроо் рокோро░роЯிропро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХௌро░ро╡ிрод்родு, роиாроЯ்роЯை роХроЯ்роЯிропெро┤ுрок்рок роЙро┤ைрод்родро╡ро░்роХро│ை роородிрод்родு, родெрой்роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХா роЕродிро▓் ро╡роЪிроХ்роХுроо் роЕройைрод்родுрок்рокро▓்ро╡роХைрооைропாрой роороХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЪொрои்родроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокி, роОроЩ்роХро│் рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│ிройூроЯாроХ роЗрои்род ропாрок்рокிройை роЕродிропுропро░் роЪроЯ்роЯрооாроХ роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ோроо் ” роОройроХ்роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. роЗродிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு родெрой் роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ ропாрок்рокு роороХ்роХро│ாро▓் роороХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХாро╡ே роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯு роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│рок்рокроЯ்роЯ роУро░் ропாрок்рокு роОрой்рокродு родெро│ிро╡ாроХிрой்ро▒родு. родெрой் роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ ропாрок்рокு роороЯ்роЯுроорой்ро▒ி роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ ропாрок்рокிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропை роОроЯுрод்родு роиோроХ்роХுро╡ோрооாройாро▓் “ роЬроХ்роХிроп роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ роХுроЯிропро░роЪிрой் роороХ்роХро│ாроХிроп роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЗрой்ройுроо் рокூро░рогрооாройродுроо் роЪிро▒рои்родродுрооாрой роТрой்ро▒ிропрод்родை роЕрооைрок்рокродро▒்роХுроо், роиீродிропைропுроо் роЙро│்роиாроЯ்роЯு роЕрооைродிропைропுроо் роиிро▓ைроиாроЯ்роЯுро╡родро▒்роХுроо், рокொродுро╡ாрой рокாродுроХாрок்рокிройை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХுроо், родேроЪிроп роиро▓ройைропுроо் роЪுродрои்родிро░род்родைропுроо் рокாродுроХாрок்рокродро▒்роХுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роЗродுро╡ாроХுроо் ” роОройроХ்роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு.

рооேро▒்роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рооூрог்ро▒ு ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропை роТрок்рокிроЯ்роЯு роиோроХ்роХுрооிроЯрод்родு роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிройை родро╡ிро░ роПройைроп родெрой்роЖрокிро░ிроХ்роХ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│் роороХ்роХро│ாро▓் роиேро░роЯிропாроХ роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родாроХ роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│ роЕродேро╡ேро│ை роЕродிроХாро░роо் родொроЯро░்рокாроХ роОрои்род ро╡ாроЪроХрооுроо் роЗроЯроо்рокெро▒ро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роЖройாро▓் роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிройை рокொро▒ுрод்родро╡ро░ை роЕродрой் роЕроЯிрод்родро│рооே роЕродிроХாро░рооெройுроо் рокродрод்родிройாро▓் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯிро░ுрок்рокродை роЕро▒ிрои்родுроХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிроХிро▒родு. 

роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிрой் рооுрой்ройுро░ைропை родாрог்роЯி роЕрод்родிропாропроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுро│் роиுро┤ைро╡ோрооாройாро▓் рооுродро╡ாро╡родு роЕрод்родிропாропропрод்родிрой் 4ро╡родு роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை, роороХ்роХро│родு роЗро▒ைрооைропை роЕро░роЪ родுро▒ைроХро│ுроХ்роХுро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роХூро▒ுрокோроЯுро╡родு роОрой்рокродை родெро│ிро╡ாроХ ро╡ро░ைропро▒ுроХ்роХிрой்ро▒родு. роЙрой்рооைропிро▓் роЗро▒ைрооை роОрой்ройுроо் рокродроо் роЗрой்ройுрооொро░ு роЕродிроХாро░род்родிро▓் родроЩ்роХிропிро░ுроХ்роХாродродродுроо் роЙроЯрог்рокроЯாродродைропுроо் роХுро▒ிрок்рокродாроХுроо் роЖройாро▓் роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 4роЗройை ро╡ро░ைрои்родро╡ро░்роХро│் роороХ்роХро│родு роЗро▒ைрооை роОрой்ройுроо் рокро░рои்родுрокроЯ்роЯ рокродрод்родிройை ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் роОройроХ்роХро░ுродி роЕро╡்ро╡родிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЕро░роЪ родுро▒ைроХро│் рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХрок்рокோроХிрой்ро▒рой роОрой்рокродிро▓் роороЯ்;роЯுроо் роХро░ிроЪройை роХாроЯ்роЯிропுро│்ро│ройро░்.

роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 4 ро▒்роХрооைроп роороХ்роХро│родு роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроХ்роХ роЕродிроХாро░роо் рокாро░ро│ுроорой்ро▒род்родிройாро▓் рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо், роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЕродிроХாро░роо் роороХ்роХро│ாро▓் родெро░ிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЬройாродிрокродிропிройாро▓் рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо், роиீродிрод்родுро▒ை роЕродிроХாро░роо் роиீродிроорой்ро▒роЩ்роХро│ாро▓ுроо், родீро░்рок்рокாропроЩ்роХро│ாро▓ுроо் роПройைроп роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிройாро▓் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиிро▒ுро╡ройроЩ்роХро│ாро▓ுроо் рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роОройроХ் роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு роЗродு роороХ்роХро│் роЗро▒ைрооைропை роЕро░роЪ родுро▒ைроХро│ுроХ்роХிроЯைропிро▓் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роХூро▒ுрокோроЯрок்рокроЯро▓் ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை ро╡ிроЯுрод்родு роЖроЯ்роЪிроХ்роХாроХ роЕро░роЪ родுро▒ைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роПрой் роЕродிроХாро░роо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роЕродு роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை родெро│ிро╡ாроХ ро╡ро░ைропро▒ுрод்родுроХ் роХூро▒ро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. 

роЗродே ро╡ேро│ை роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 4ро▒்роХрооைро╡ாроХ роороХ்роХро│родு роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЕродிроХாро░род்родை рокிро░ропோроХிроХ்роХுроо் роЙро░ிрод்родு роороХ்роХро│ாро▓் родெро░ிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЬройாродிрокродிроХ்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு, роЕро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│ роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ிрой் ро╡ிро│ைро╡ாроХ роЕро░роЪிропро▓ைрооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைроХ்роХுро▒ிроХ்роХோро│ாрой роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪிропை роиிро▓ைроиாроЯ்роЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп рокொро▒ுрок்рокு роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 35 роЗройாро▓் роЗро▓்ро▓ாродொро┤ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 35 рой் рокிро░роХாро░роо் роЬройாродிрокродிроХ்роХு роОрои்родро╡роХைропாрой роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХைропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родுроо் рооுро┤ுрооைропாрой роХுро▒்ро▒ ро╡ிро▓роХ்роХро│ிрок்рокை ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. 

роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪிропிрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைроХ்роХோроЯ்рокாроЯாрой роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் рооுрой் роЕройைро╡ро░ுроо் роЪроороо் роОрой்рокродை родроХро░்род்родு роЬройாродிрокродி роОрой்ро▒ родройிрооройிродро░ை роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▒்роХு рооேро▓ோроЩ்роХிроп роЕродிроХாро░рооிроХ்роХро╡ро░ாроп் роЖроХ்роХிропுро│்ро│родு. роЗродு роЕродிроХாро░роо் роОрой்ройுроо் родройிрок்рокродроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокிрой் роЖрогிро╡ேро░ாрой роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪிропைропே роЖроЯ்роЯроо் роХாрогроЪ்роЪெроп்родுро│்ро│родு роОрой்рокродро▒்роХு роЗрой்ройுрооோро░் роЙродாро░рогрооாроХுроо். 

роЗроХ்роХроЯ்роЯுро░ைропிро▓் роПро▒்роХройро╡ே ро╡ிрокро░ிрод்родродு рокோро▓் роЗрод்родроХைроп роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роПро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│் роЖроЯ்роЪிроЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роОрой்рокродிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு рооாро▒்ро▒роороЯைрои்родு роЕродிроХாро░роо் роЪெро▓ுрод்родро╡родро▒்роХாрой роЖроЯ்роЪிропை ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роОрой்ройுроо் родோро▒்ро▒рок்рокாроЯை родро░ுро╡ிроХ்роХிрой்ро▒рой.
роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ாрой роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ைроХро│ுроХ்роХு рооேро▓родிроХрооாроп் роХொрог்роЯுро╡ро░рок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுрод்родிро░ுрод்родроЩ்роХро│ுроо் рооீрог்роЯுроо் рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЕродிроХாро░род்родேроЯро▓ைропே родூрог்роЯி роиிро▒்роХிрой்ро▒рой роЗродро▒்роХு роЙродாро░рогроЩ்роХро│ாроХ 13ро╡родு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் 18ро╡родு роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுрод்родிро░ுрод்родроЩ்роХро│ை роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯро▓ாроо்.

13ро╡родு роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роЪீро░்родிро░ுрод்родрод்родை рокொро▒ுрод்родро╡ро░ை роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪிроЯроо் роХாрогрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЕрокро░ிрооிродрооாрой роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை рооாроХாрог роЕро░роЪுроХро│ிроЯроо் роТрок்рокроЯைрод்родு роУро░் рокிро░ாрои்родிроп роиிро░ுро╡ாроХрод்родை родோро▒்ро▒ுро╡ிроХ்роХுроо் роУро░் роПро▒்рокாроЯроХுроо் роЗро░ுрои்род рокோродுроо் роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 154B рой் роХீро┤் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роЖро│ுройро░் роОрой்ройுроо் рокродро╡ிроХ்роХாрой роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЕродிроХாро░ рооைропрок்рокроЯுрод்родро▓ை роиோроХ்роХிропродாрой роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு ро╡ро░ைроЮро░்роХро│ிрой்; роОрог்рогроЩ்роХро│ை рокிро░родிрокро▓ிроХ்роХிрой்ро▒родு. роЗродро▒்роХு роЙродாро░рогрооாроХ роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 154H роЗройைроХ்роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯро▓ாроо் 154H (1), (2) ро▒்роХрооைро╡ாроХ рооாроХாрогроЪрокைропாро▓் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЪроЯ்роЯрооூро▓роо் роТрой்ро▒ை роЖро│ுройро░родு роУрок்рокுродро▓ுроХ்роХாроХ роиிропрооிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் рокோродு роЕрод்родроХைроп роЪроЯ்роЯ рооூро▓род்родை роУрок்рокுродро▓ро│ிроХ்роХро╡ே, родிро░ுрод்родрод்родிро▒்роХாроХ рооீрог்роЯுроо் рооாроХாрогроЪрокைроХ்роХ родிро░ுрок்рокி роЕройுрок்рокро╡ே роЖро│ுройро░ுроХ்роХு роЕродிроХாро░роо் роЙрог்роЯு . роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு родிро░ுрок்рокி роЕройுрок்рокрок்рокроЯுроо் роЪроЯ்роЯ рооூро▓роо் рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЖро│ுройро░ிроЯрооே роТрок்рокுродро▓ுроХ்роХாроХ роЪрооро░்рок்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯро▓் ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо். роЗрод்родроХைроп роУро░் роПро▒்рокாроЯாройродு роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроХ்роХ роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை рооாроХாрогроЪрокைроХро│் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родுроо் роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒ு роЕродிроХாро░роо் роХொрог்роЯ роУро░் родройிрооройிродро░ிроЯроо் роЕро╡்ро╡родிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை роЕроЯроХுро╡ைрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роУро░் роиிро▓ைроХ்роХு родро│்ро│ிропро│்ро│родு. 

рооேро▒்роХுро▒ிрод்род роЙродாро░рогроо் роЙроЯ்рокроЯ рокро▓்ро╡ேро▒ு роЗроЯроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் роиிро▒ுро╡ройрооропрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯாрооро▓் родройிроирокро░் роТро░ுро╡ро░ிроЯрооோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роиிро▒ுро╡ройрод்родிроЯрооோ роХைропро│ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯிро░ுрок்рокродு роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪுропாрок்рокு роЕродிроХாро░ рооைропрок்рокроЯுрод்родро▓் роЪாро░்рокாрой роЪிрод்родாрои்родрод்родை роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрок்рокродை родெро│ிро╡ுрокроЯுрод்родுроХிрой்ро▒родு 

роЗродே ро╡ேро│ை роЪுропாродீройрооாрой роЕро░роЪ роЪெропро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│ை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроо் рооுроХрооாроХ роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокிрой் 17роо் родிро░ுрод்родрод்родிрой் рооூро▓роо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЖрогைроХ்роХுро┤ுроХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рокродிро▓ாроХ рокாро░ாро│ுроорой்ро▒роХ்роХுро┤ு роОрой்ро▒ роЕрооைрок்рокிроЯроо் роЕройைрод்родுро╡роХைропாрой роЕро░роЪ роиிро░ுро╡ாроХ роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ுроо் рооீро│роХ்роХைропро│ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯிро░ுрок்рокродройூроЯாроХ роЕро░роЪ роЗропрои்родிро░род்родிрой் роЕродிроХாро░род்родிро▒்роХாрой родேроЯро▓ுроо் роЕродро▒்роХு роЙро▒ுродுрогைропாроХ роЗро░рог்роЯாроо் роХுроЯிропро░роЪுропாрок்рокிрой் роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ைроХро│் роЕрооைрои்родுроХாрогрок்рокроЯுро╡родைропுроо் родெро│ிро╡ாроХ роЕро▒ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிроХிро▒родு. 

родேроЪрооொрой்ро▒ிрой் роиро▓்ро▓ாроЯ்роЪிропை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХு роЙро▒ுродிропாрой роЕро░роЪு роороЯ்роЯுроорой்ро▒ி роЕро╡்ро╡ро░роЪு родроородு роХроЯрооைроХро│ை роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒்ро▒роХ்роХூроЯிроп роЕродிроХாро░ родрод்родுро╡роЩ்роХро│ை роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродே роиро▓்ро▓ாроЯ்роЪிроХ்роХாрой роЪிрод்родாрои்родрооாроХுроо். роЗродே ро╡ேро│ை роЕро░роЪிрой் роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் роороХ்роХро│் роЖрогைропூроЯாроХ родேро░்рои்родெроЯுроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│ிрой் рокроЩ்роХро│ிрок்рокுроЯрой் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡родே роХுроЯிропро░роЪு роЕрооைрокிрой் ро╡ро┤ிрооுро▒ைропாроХுроо். роЗрод்родроХைроп ро╡ро┤ிрооுро▒ைроХро│ை рокிройрокро▒்ро▒ிропொро┤ுроХ роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роЖро╡рогрооே роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு, роЗродு родேроЪрод்родிро▒்роХு родேроЪроо் рооாро▒ுрокроЯுроо் роХுрогாродிроЪроЩ்роХро│ை роХொрог்роЯுро│்ро│родு. роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு родேроЪрод்родிрой் родрой்рооை, роЖро│рок்рокроЯுроо் роороХ்роХро│ிрой் рокро▓்ро╡роХைрооை роОрой்рокро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропாроХ роХொрог்роЯு роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроо் родройроХ்роХேропாрой родройிрод்родுро╡род்родை роХொрог்роЯுро│்ро│родு роЖродро▓ாро▓் роУро░் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокு роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ுродாрой் роХாрогрок்рокроЯро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роОрои்родро╡ிрод роЗро▒ுроХ்роХрооாрой роХோроЯ்рокாроЯுроХро│ைропுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுродро▓் роХроЯிройрооாройродாроХுроо்.

роЖройாро▓ுроо் роХாро▓роо் роХாро▓рооாроп் роЪрооூроХро╡ிропро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ாро▓ுроо், роЕро░роЪிропро▓் родрод்родுро╡ро╡ிропро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ாро▓ுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиро▓்ро▓ாроЯ்роЪிроХ்роХாрой роЪிрод்родாрои்родроЩ்роХро│ை роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроо் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрок்рокродு роУро░் роЕрод்родிропாро╡роЪிропрооாрой родேро╡ைрок்рокாроЯாроХுроо். роЕрод்родроХைроп роЕро░роЪிропро▓் роЪிрои்родாрои்родроЩ்роХро│ாрой роЪроЯ்роЯро╡ாроЯ்роЪி, ро╡ро▓ுро╡ேро▒ாроХ்роХроо், роЗро▒ைрооை роОрой்рокро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЙро│்ро╡ாроЩ்роХிроп роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроХро│ைропே роЪிро▒рои்род роЕро░роЪிропро▓்ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│் роОройроХ்роХூро▒ுроХிрой்ро▒ோроо் роЗродுро╡ே роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுрод்родுро╡рооுрооாроХுроо்.

роПро▒்роХройро╡ே роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯ்роЯродு рокோрой்ро▒ு роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроо் родрод்родроородு родேро╡ைроХ்роХேро▒்ро▒ாро▒்рокோро▓் роЕродிроХாро░ рооைропрок்рокроЯுрод்родро▓் роХொро│்роХைропைропோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕродிроХாро░рокро░ро╡ро▓ாроХ்роХ роХொро│்роХைропைропோ родрой்ройроХрод்родே роХொрог்роЯு роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒родு. роОродு роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ாропிройுроо் роУро░் роЬройроиாропроХ роХுроЯிропро░роЪிрой் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокாройродு роороХ்роХро│ாро▓் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை роороХ்роХро│родு родேро╡ைроХ்роХேро▒்ро▒ро╡ாро▒ு роороЯ்роЯுрооே рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родроХ்роХூроЯிроп роПро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│ை роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрод்родро▓் ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роЗродைрод்родாрой் роЖроЯ்роЪிроЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой роЕродிроХாро░рооெрой்ро▒ு роЗроХ்роХроЯ்роЯுро░ைропிрой் роЖро░роо்рокрокроХுродிропிро▓் роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯிро░ுрои்родродு. роЕродைро╡ிроЯுрод்родு роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│ை роХைропро│ிрод்родு роЕродройாро▓ாрой роЖроЯ்роЪிропை роОродிро░்рокாро░்роХ்роХுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроЪ்роЪிрод்родாрои்родрооாройродு роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роУро░் роЬройроиாропроХ роХுроЯிропро░роЪிрой் роороХ்роХро│் родேро╡ைропை рокூро░்род்родிроЪெроп்ропுроо் роОрой்рокродு роХேро│்ро╡ிроХ்роХுро░ிропродே.

роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிрой் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роЬройроиாропроХ роЪோро╖ро▓ிроЪ роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிройை рокொро▒ுрод்родро╡ро░ை роЕрокро░ிрооிродрооாрой роЕродிроХாро░род்родேроЯро▓ை родூрог்роЯроХ்роХூроЯிроп роПро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│் роХாрогрок்рокроЯுро╡родройை роЗроХ்роХроЯ்роЯுро░ைропிро▓் роПро▒்роХройро╡ே роЖро░ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЙродாро░рогроЩ்роХро│ைроХ்роХொрог்роЯு ро╡ிро│роЩ்роХிроХ்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропுроо். роЕродிроХாро░роЩ்роХро│் роиிро▒ுро╡ройрооропрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯாродு роПродோ роУро░் родройிроирокро░ிроЯрооே роЕро▓்ро▓родு  роУро░் родройி роиிро▒ுро╡роХрод்родிроЯрооே роХுро╡ிрои்родு роХாрогрок்рокроЯுро╡родு роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокிрой் роЗропро▓்рокுроХро│ிро▓் роТрой்ро▒ாроХ роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЗродு роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிро▓் роЗрой்ройுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுрок்рокро░ிройாроо ро╡ро│ро░்роЪ்роЪி роЗроЯроо்рокெро▒ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை ро╡ро▓ிропுро▒род்родுроХிрой்ро▒родு. роХோро▓்рокுро▒ூроХ் ропாрок்рокுрод் родொроЯроХ்роХроо் роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு роХுроЯிропро░роЪு ропாрок்рокுро╡ро░ை рооுро┤ுрооைропாрой роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுрод்родுро╡род்родை рокிро░родிрокро▓ிроХ்роХроХ்роХூроЯிроп ропாрок்рокுроХ்роХро│் роЗрой்ройுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЖродро▓ாро▓் роОродிро░்роХாро▓род்родிро▓் роЕродிроХாро░род்родை рооைропрок்рокроЯுрод்родாродு роиро▓்ро▓ாроЯ்роЪிропை рооைропрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроо் роЕро░роЪிропро▓рооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роЗро▓роЩ்роХை роЬройроиாропроХ роЪோро╖ро▓ிроЪ роХுроЯிропро░роЪிрой் родேро╡ைрок்рокாроЯாроХுроо். 

Wednesday, December 12, 2012

рокெрог்роХро│், роЪрооாродாройроо், рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325 ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройроо்



рокெрой்роХро│், роЪрооாродாройроо், рокாродுроХாрок்рокு родொроЯро░்рокாрой роЬроХ்роХிроп роиாроЯுроХро│் родீро░்рооாройроо் 2001роо் роЖрог்роЯு роТроХ்роЯோрокро░் рооாродроо் 31роо் родிроХродி роЙро▒ுрок்рокு роиாроЯுроХро│ாро▓் роПроХрооройродாроХ роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│рок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. роЖройாро▓ுроо் роПройைроп родீро░்рооாройроЩ்роХро│் рокோро▓ро▓்ро▓ாродு родிрогிроХ்роХுроо் родрой்рооைропро▒்ро▒ு ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роУро░் роТрок்рокрои்род ро░ீродிропாроХ роЗрод்родீро░்рооாройроо் роХாрогрок்рокроЯுро╡родройாро▓் роЗродрой் роЕрооுро▓ாроХ்роХроо் рооிроХро╡ுроо் роорои்род роХродிропிро▓் роЗроЯроо்рокெро▒ுро╡родுроЯрой் рокெрог்роХро│் рокாродுроХாрок்рокிройை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роЗродрой் роХроЯ்роЯрооைрок்рокроо் роЪெропро▓ро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒родு.

рокெрог்роХро│், роЪрооாродாройроо், рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрооாройродு роТро░ு роЪроЯ்роЯ роЗроЯைро╡ெро│ிропை рокூро░்род்родிроЪெроп்роп роХொрог்роЯுро╡ро░рок்рокроЯ்роЯродро▓்ро▓ рооாро▒ாроХ роПро▒்роХройро╡ே роЙро│்ро│ рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооைроХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооройிродாрокிрооாрой роЪроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ை рокூро░்род்родி роЪெроп்ропுроо் роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родொроХுродிропாроХро╡ே роЗродு ро╡роЯிро╡рооைроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு.

рокாроХுрокாроЯுроХро│ро▒்ро▒ роЪроород்родுро╡рооாрой роЪрооுродாропрод்родிро▓் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯை роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯை роЙро░ிрооைроХро│் роЙро▒ுродி роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுро╡родройூроЯாроХ роЪрооூроХ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЖроЯ்роЪிропро▓роХிро▓் рокெрог்роХро│родு рокроЩ்роХро│ிрок்рокை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родே рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯை роЪிрод்родாрои்родрооாроХுроо்

рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой் рокிро░роХாро░роо் родீро░்рооாройрооெроЯுрод்родро▓் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЖроЯ்роЪிрок்рокொро▒ிрооுропைроХро│ிро▓் рокெрог்роХро│ிрой் рокроЩ்роХுрокро░ிро▒்ро▒ро▓் ро╡ீрод்родிройை роЕродிроХро░ிрок்рокродройூроЯாроХ рооுро░рой்рокாроЯுроХро│ை роХூроЯுрооாроХро╡ро░ை родро╡ிро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுрооெрой роОродிро░்рокாро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு роЗродு роЪрооூроХ, рокொро░ுро│ாродாро░, роЕро░роЪிропро▓் роЕро░роЩ்роХிро▓் рокெрог்роХро│ிрой் ро╡роХிрокாроХрод்родை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХாрой роХро░ுрод்родேро▒்рокாроЯாроХுроо்


роЪрооூроХрод்родிро▓் ро╡ро┤роХ்роХாро▒ுроХро│ுроХ்роХூроЯாроХ ро╡ро│ро░்род்родெроЯுроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ “рокெрог்роХро│ுроХ்роХேропாрой рокிро░род்родிропேроХ ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│்” ( ро╡ீроЯ்роЯு ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│், роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родродை рокாро░ாрооро░ிрод்родро▓்) роОрой்ро▒ роЪிрои்родройை ро╡роЯ்роЯроо் рокுро░ைропோроЯிроХ்роХிроЯрок்рокродுроо், рокெрог்роХро│ுроХ்роХாрой рокொро░ுро│ாродாро░ роЪрооூроХ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роХாро▓ாроЪ்роЪாро░ роЙро░ிрооைроХро│ிрой் рокропрой்рокாроЯ்роЯை родроЯுроХ்роХுроо் рооுроХрооாрой роЪрооூроХ роПро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│ுрооே рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯை роЪிрод்родாрои்родрод்родை роЕрооுро▓் рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХாрой родроЯைроХ்роХро▒்роХро│ாроХ роЕрооைропெрокрок்рокெро▒்ро▒ுро│்ро│рой.

1995роо் роЖрог்роЯு роХொрог்роЯுро╡ро░рок்рокроЯ்роЯ рокீроЬிроЩ் родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой் (BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION –BPA)  рокிро░роХாро░роо் роПро▒்роХройро╡ே роЙро│்ро│ роЪроЯ்роЯрок்рокொро▒ிрооுро▒ைроХро│ுроХ்роХுроЯ்рокроЯ்роЯ рокெрог்роХро│ிрой் ро╡ро▓ுро╡ூроЯ்роЯрод்родை роЙро▒ுродிроЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХைропாроХро╡ே рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройроо் роХொрог்роЯுро╡ро░рок்рокроЯ்роЯродு роЗродройроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓் рокொро░ுро│ாродாро░ ро░ீродிропாроХ роУро░роЩ்роХроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯுро╡родை родроЯுрод்родு роиிро▒ுрод்родро▓், рокாро▓ிрой ро░ீродிропாрой рокாроХுрокாроЯ்роЯிройை роЕродு роОрои்род ро╡роЯிро╡ிро▓் родோрой்ро▒ிройாро▓ுроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாродொро┤ிрод்родро▓் роЖроХிроп роЖро░роо்рокроХ்роХроЯ்роЯ роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХைроХро│ுроХ்роХூроЯாроХ роЕро░роЪு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро░роЪ роЕрооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ிро▓் рокெрог்роХро│ிрой் рокроЩ்роХுрокро▒்ро▒ро▓ிройை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родே роиோроХ்роХாроХுроо்.

роЕрог்роороп роЖрог்ро╡ுроХро│ிрой் рокроЯி роЕро░роЪ родீро░்рооாройрооெроЯுрод்родро▓ிро▓் рокெрог்роХро│ிрой் рокроЩ்роХுрокро▒்ро▒ுродро▓ிройூроЯாроХ роЪுрооாро░் 6% ро╡iро░роХ்роХுрооாрой рооுро░рой்рокாроЯுроХро│ை родро╡ிро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுрооெрой роХрог்роЯро▒ிропெрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு роЗродு ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே рокெрог்роХро│родு рокроЩ்роХுрокро▒்ро▒ро▓் роОрой்рокродு роороЯ்роЯுроорой்ро▒ி рокீроЬிроЩ் родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой்(BAP) роЗрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓ாрой “ роЖропுрод роЪெро▓ро╡ீройроЩ்роХро│ை роХுро▒ைрод்родро▓்” , роЬроХ்роХிроп роиாроЯுроХро│் роЪрокைропிрой் “ ро╡ро│роЩ்роХро│ை рокொро░ுро│ாродாро░ рооேроо்рокாроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХு рооாрод்родிро░роо் рокропрой்ройроЯுрод்родро▓்” (роЙро▒ுрок்рокுро░ை 126) роЖроХிроп роиிропроороЩ்роХро│ை рокிрой்рокро▒்ро▒ிропродройூроЯாроХ роЕроЯைропெрок்рокெро▒்ро▒родாроХுроо்.

рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрооாройродு родேроЪிроп роЪроЯ்роЯ роиிро▒ுро╡ройроЩ்роХро│் , рокிро░ாрои்родிроп рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооைроХро│் роХрог்роХாрогிрок்рокு рокொро▒ிрооுро▒ைроХро│், роЬ.роиா рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооை рокேро░ро╡ை, ро╡ிроЪாро░рогை роЖрогைроХ்роХுро┤ுроХ்роХро│், роЙроЯрой்рокாроЯுроХро│், родро╡рогை роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓ாрой роЕро▒ிроХ்роХைроХро│், ро╡ிро╖ேроЯ роЕро▒ிроХ்роХைроХро│் роОрой்рокро╡ро▒்ро▒ிройூроЯாроХ роироЯைрооுро▒ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродோроЯு роЪро░்ро╡родேроЪ ро░ீродிропாрой рооுро░рой்рокாроЯுроХро│ை родро╡ிро░்рок்рокродро▒்роХாрой роЕройைрод்родு роиிропроороЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХூроЯாроХро╡ுроо் роироЯைрооுро▒ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой ро╡ро▓ிропுро▒ுрод்родрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு

рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрод்родிрой் родிроЯ்роЯ роЪெропро▓் роиெро▒ிрооுро▒ை ро╡ெро▒்ро▒ிропை роЪрооூроХрод்родிро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுроо் рооாро▒்ро▒роЩ்роХро│ை роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிропாроп் роХро░ுродிропே роХрогிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒рой роЕро╡்ро╡ாро▒ாрой роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிроХро│ை 3 ро╡роХைрок்рокроЯுрод்род рооுроЯிропுроо்


роЕрооைрок்рокு ро░ீродிропாрой роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிроХро│் (SYSTEMIC INDICATERS)
роиெро░ுроХ்роХрооாройроЕрог்рооிрод்род роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிроХро│் (PROXIMATE INDICATERS)
роЙроЯройроЯிроХ்роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிроХро│் (IMMEDIATE INDICATERS)

роЙродாро░рогрооாрой рокெрог்роХро│் рокாроЯроЪாро▓ைроХ்роХு роЪெро▓்ро▓ுроо் ро╡ீродрод்родிройை роЕрооைрок்рокு ро░ீродிропாрой роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிропாроп் роХро░ுродро▓ாроо் роЗродрой் роЕродிроХро░ிрок்рокு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роХுро▒ைро╡ு роОродிро░்роХாро▓род்родிро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுрод்роЯроЪாродроХ்роХூроЯிроп ро╡ிро│ைро╡ுроХро│ை роХро░ுрод்родிро▒்роХொрог்роЯு роЙро░ிроп роЕрооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│் роЙро░ிроп роЕро░роЪிро▒்роХு ро╡ро┤ிроХாроЯ்роЯро▓்роХро│ை рооேро▒்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропுроо் роЕродேро╡ேро│ை рокெрог்роХро│் рокாроЯроЪாро▓ைроХ்роХு роЪெро▓்ро╡родை родроЯுроХ்роХுроо் роЪெропро▒்рокாроЯு роУро░் роЪрооூроХрод்родிро▓் роЗроЯроо்рокெро▒ுрооாропிрой் роЕродройை роиெро░ுроХ்роХрооாрой роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕрог்рооிрод்род роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிропாроп் роХро░ுрод рооுроЯிропுроо் роЗродு родொроЯро░்рокாроХ роЙроЯройроЯிропாроХ роЙро░ிроп роЕрооைрок்рокுроХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро▒ிро╡ிроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯродா, роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХை роОроЯுроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродா роОрой்рокродை роХொрог்роЯு роиெро░ுроХ்роХрооாрой роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிроХро│ை роЕро│ро╡ிроЯ рооுроЯிропுроо் роЗродே ро╡ேро│ை роЕродிроХро░ிрод்род рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооை рооீро▒ро▓்роХро│், рокாро▓ிропро▓் родுро╖்рокிро░ропோроХроЩ்роХро│், рокாро▓ிрой рокாроХுрокாроЯு роОрой்рокро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЙроЯройроЯிроХ்роХுро▒ிроХாроЯ்роЯிропாроп் роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропுроо்.


рокெрог்роХро│்,роЪрооாродройроо்,рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроо்рокрои்родрооாрой 1325ро╡родு родீро░்рооாройрооாройрод்родிройை роироЯைрооுро▒ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родு родொроЯро░்рокாроХ роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிро▓ுро│்ро│ роЪроЯ்роЯ роПро▒்рокாроЯுроХро│்

•1 2005роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் 30роЖроо் роЗро▓роХ்роХ ро╡ிрокроЪ்роЪாро░род்родிро▒்роХாроХрок் рокெрог்роХро│ைропுроо் роЪிро▒ுро╡ро░்роХро│ைропுроо்
      ро╡ிро▓ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родро▓ைрод் родроЯுрод்родро▓ுроо் роОродிро░்род்родро▓ுроо் рооீродாрой роЪрооро╡ாропроЪ் роЪроЯ்роЯроо்
ро╡ிрокроЪ்роЪாро░род்родிро▒்роХாроХрок் рокெрог்роХро│ைропுроо் роЪிро▒ுро╡ро░்роХро│ைропுроо் ро╡ிро▓ைрок்рокроЯுрод்родро▓ைрод் родроЯுрод்родро▓ுроо் роОродிро░்род்родро▓ுроо் рооீродாрой роЪрооро╡ாропрод்родிро▒்роХுрок் рокропрой்роХொроЯுрок்рокродро▒்роХுроо் роЕрод்родுроЯрой் роЕродройோроЯு родொроЯро░்рокுрокроЯ்роЯ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕродрой் роЗроЯைроиேро░்ро╡ிро│ைро╡ாрой роХро░ுроороЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роПро▒்рокாроЯு роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХுрооாройродொро░ு роЪроЯ்роЯроо் рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЗродு роЙро│்ро│роЯроХ்роХிропுро│்ро│родு.

•2 1996роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் 21роЖроо் роЗро▓роХ்роХ роЗро▓роЩ்роХை рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооைроХро│் роЖрогைроХ்роХுро┤ு роЪроЯ்роЯроо்,

роЗро▓роЩ்роХைропிро▓் рооройிрод роЙро░ிрооைроХро│் роЖрогைроХ்роХுро┤ுро╡ை родாрокிрод்родро▓ுроХ்роХுроо் роЕродрой் роХроЯрооைроХро│், роЙро▒ுрок்рокிройро░் родொроЯро░்рокாрой ро╡ро░ைропро▒ைроХро│ைропுроо் роХொрог்роЯ рокாро░ாро│ுроорой்ро▒род்родிрой் ро╡ро░்род்родрооாройி роЕро▒ிро╡ிрок்рокாроХ роЗродு роЕрооைроХிрой்ро▒родு.

•3 2006роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் 24роЖроо் роЗро▓роХ்роХ рокெрог்роХро│ைропுроо் роЗро│роо் роЖроЯ்роХро│ைропுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│ைропுроо் родொро┤ிро▓ுроХ்роХрооро░்род்родுродро▓் (родிро░ுрод்родроЪ்) роЪроЯ்роЯроо்.

1956роЗро▓் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рокெрог்роХро│ைропுроо் роЗро│роо் роЖроЯ்роХро│ைропுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│ைропுроо் родொро┤ிро▓ுроХ்роХрооро░்род்родுродро▓் родொроЯро░்рокாрой роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▒்роХாрой родிро░ுрод்родроЪ் роЪроЯ்роЯрооாроХ роЗродு роЕрооைроХிрой்ро▒родு.

•4 2006 роо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் 16роЖроо் роЗро▓роХ்роХ родрог்роЯройைроЪ் роЪроЯ்роЯроХ்роХோро╡ை (родிро░ுрод்родроЪ்) роЪроЯ்роЯроо்,

рокெрог் роЪிро▒ுрооிроХро│ை рокாро▓ிропро▓் родுро╕்рокிро░ропோроХроо் роЪெроп்родро▓், ро╡ேро▓ைроХ்роХрооро░்род்родுродро▓், роХроЯ்роЯாроп роКро┤ிропроо் рокெро▒ுродро▓், роЕроЯிрооைропாроХ роироЯாрод்родுродро▓், роЙро│ро╡ிропро▓் ро░ீродிропாрой роКро▒ுроХро│் рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▒்роХாрой родрог்роЯройைроХро│் роХுро▒ிрод்род роЪроЯ்роЯрооாрой роЗродு роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒родு.


рооுроХроо்роородு рооீро░ாроЪாро╣ிрокு ро▒родீрок் роЕроХроороЯ்.